Tax systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tax systems - Essay Example Indirect taxation leads to income effect. Income effect occurs when people find that they have surplus money and therefore their demand for goods and services increase. In case of no tax levied people after earning certain amount of income will start preferring leisure over work. Since indirect taxation increases the prices of goods and services people will have to work harder to keep up their standard of living and will have to earn more income to buy the same â€Å"basket† of goods that they were buying before and this will lead to more working hours in the economy. In this case, increase in taxation would result in increase in incentives for people to work hard and to expend more effort.ii) Regressive Taxation system is one where rich people pay lesser proportion of their income as tax than the poorer people. For example, a flat tax of $5 would make a higher proportion for someone earning $100/month than someone earning $200/month. For someone earning $100/month it would be 5%, whereas for the other guy it would be 2.5%. This kind of tax system is normally regressive and usually indirect taxation is regressive. On the other hand progressive system is one where rich people pay higher tax than the poor people. Income tax is usually progressive as it takes into account the income of people. Regressive taxation can be an incentive for people to work hard and earn more money, whereas as progressive systems can be a disincentiveSince regressive system leads to same amount of tax in absolute terms for both rich and poor., any additional work or money earned by poor people would reduce their proportion of income as tax. This makes people work harder to nullify the effects of regressive tax. For example, if someone is earning $100 and he knows that he will have to pay $5 in taxes every time irrespective of his income. He would try to increase his income to $105 to nullify the effects of the tax. This increase in income for $100 to $105 will increase his dispos able income after tax from $95 to $100. The person by earning more would be $5 richer. Hence, regressive tax system encourages increase in effort. People work harder to increase their disposable income to improve their standard of living. Progressive system can be a disincentive to work harder. Since, progressive tax increases with the additional income earned, many people would be put off from working harder as they will think that any increase in

The Earth Energy-Balance Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Earth Energy-Balance - Term Paper Example According to a study in the United States, more than 200 million sources of air pollutions are added into the atmosphere every year which is equal to 1760 pounds of pollutants per person. For instance Acid rain is the major source of causing air pollution because it damages lakes, streams, vegetation and wildlife. Another major issue impacting the human lives is global warming because the level of carbon dioxide has exceeded up to 40 % since the year 1860. In the recent years over the 134 years, there has been the highest amount of temperature change. Southern and northern ice caps have been warming us for centuries but what will happen if these caps had melted? Therefore, the constant disappearing of plants, use of fossil fuels is the reason which causes the greenhouse effect. My design takes the environment into consideration and brings attention towards something that is very important to all the people in the world being carelessly neglected. There are many ways through which we can restore importance by ignoring our many habits. Most Americans feel that they have mastered over the nature and environment and they have a complete faith in technology. When they face the environmental crisis like shortage of gas and oil then they believe that â€Å"science will save us† but belief on technology’s role in environmental problems is highly premature because science is not the answer to every environmental problem.

Comparison of Human Resource Strategies

Comparison of Human Resource Strategies Strategic Management of Human Assets Table of Contents (Jump to) Company A Overview Company B Overview Company A HR Strategies Company B HR Strategies Similaries and Differences between Companies Conclusion Bibliography Organization A: Telenor Organization B: Mobilink Company A Overview Telenor Telenor is the prevalent mobile telecommunications operative in Norway and a momentous worldwide mobile operative, with a numeral of operations external Norway.Telenor is 100% possess by Telenor ASA and adds on to its maneuver in Asia together with Thailand, Malaysia and Bangladesh. Telenor is the greatest increasing mobile complex in the country, with reporting realization of cavernous into many of the outmost areas of Pakistan. In the mainly tricky terrains of the country, from the mountainous northern areas to the rambling deserts in the south, at times they are the only operative linking the formerly distinct. Company B Overview Mobilink: Mobilink is world most important cellular and Blackberry service contributor. It has More than 35 million cutovers. Market contribute of Mobilink is 35 %. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR TELENOR Some of the very most important features of the tactical development are tinted as under HR Planning Process: Strategic Planning The company does not utilize any arithmetic procedure or technique for the strength of mind of labor deficiency or superfluous. The company however, relies on skewed judgmental methods. The judgmental methods are stand on the connoisseur decision that determine the supply and command of labor. Whenever the company experience the require of a requisite person, the company demeanor interviews of the aspirant applicants. formative Labor stipulate formative Labor Supply Strategic Direction Telenor existing policy is based on edifice a earlier association with its customers by taking gain of their position as a worldwide marketplace leader. The approaches are paying attention on captivating and retaining a increasing marketplace split in all customer groups. Strategic plan Humanizing their client Proposition Telenor clientele, mobility means immediacy, convenience, ubiquity and personalization. These attributes give them many opportunities to interact with their customers in behavior that will augment their lives. Local implementation remnants indispensable, but they consider that they can assemble on their worldwide benefit by adopting additional dependable marketing approaches, based on greatest practices congregate from across the Group. They have commence a â€Å"convention campaign†, the endeavor of which is to appreciably amplify the average number of minutes their customers utilize their services every day. As part of this, Telenor is initiation a assortment of marketing initiatives to emphasize the practical and poignant benefits they convey to their customers. Executing Data Strategy Their data strategy rests on four pillars; Increasing the importance of Right Service They are increasing a collection of accessible, branded data military. Key applications comprise new text, depiction and video messaging services, trouble-free admission to e-mail, isolated admittance to business applications, and stipulation via a Telenor user boundary to in order and amusement make available by business partners. Inter-operate theoretically, discriminate Commercially. It is imperative for them to stay behind very energetic in manufacturing consistency to make certain complete inter-operability of our services with those from other mobile operative and fixed-Internet companies. Promoting suitable Pricing Models They encourage a pricing model that permits them to bout their pricing most intimately and evidently to their customers considerate and discernment of worth. Competitive Environment Customers necessities are increasing to include admittance to information, data and multimedia services over mobile strategy. They are exceptionally placed to assemble these needs, using their extent and flair to generate the most convincing services and to expand partnerships helps them surpass their customers potential. With the infiltration in market and the foreword of new 3G technologies, they can be expecting to go from side to side a period of market confusion, which will possibly escort to some consolidation in the industry. HR Strategies for Mobilink The Mobilink that allege of the most important market investor in telecom industry has shown very conventional loom towards the recompense management. The important organizations always try preeminent to have a best-fit deliberate loom in the direction of the human being reserve administration surrounded by organization but unluckily the foremost organization like Mobilink is also use finest carry out approach in compensating approach. During this investigate we also come to terminate that these best practice are not completely implemented in whole essence but they are either incompletely implemented or just linger in name. INCENTIVES PLAN Incentives are premeditated to give confidence employees to attain objectives. They are planned to straight incentive for present and future recital, promising â€Å"do this and we will make it significance your while† Incentives are usually monetary but they can assure non-financial rewards such as recognition, encouragement or predominantly interesting assignment. Individual Incentives Plan: Individual incentives diplomacy are those that are fretful to reimburse the individual labors that effect in organizational outcomes. In Mobilink the individual inducement tactics don’t endure in any form. Although this kind of incentive arrangement is merely for the rummage sale an individual in the shape of commission on sale. But we diverge with them because it is individual enticement plan because this is reimbursed at risk and where risk exists it’s not incentive. One other shape of incentives map is that they are paying after a while to the lower management on the hour’s basis they used up in addition the duty hours. Group Incentives Plan The Mobilink have a preference to team and assemblage working. People are recognized from their personal assemblage or players with in association. Like sales community, advertising players, investment investigation team, economics allotment team, HR peoples, etc The group inducement is based on the objectives being allot to each team or group. If they prolifically achieved within the given restraint and also these triumph escort company performance to augment than they will be entail for group enticement in following manner: Per unit inducement journal incentives unremitting encouragement inaccessible areas incentives Organizational Incentives The organizational performance is deliberate in the shape or amplifies in twelve-monthly rummage sale, No of clinteles, and augment in marketplace allocate. The personage aims are consecutively joined with the company performance. When company is being successful in attain these objectives. Special Incentives According to the Mobilink recompense Officer, â€Å"There are very hardly any and exceptional extraordinary incentives because the group enticement and group incentives preparation are premeditated in such a way that every and all individual is performing arts extraordinary†. But hardly any types of extraordinary enticement arrangement are: Gratitude: If an significant person in addition accomplish in sales or manufacture division, a variety of types of recognition like â€Å"Man of the year† which enclose official document and some other prizes. superiority certificate introduction the name and Picture in association pinnacle performers colonnade Admiration: the personality is appreciated individually by the General manager either gathering individually or through call or through email etc Extraordinary Cash Amount is specified on the instance when somebody (frequently specified to HR) for draw towards you and occupy pinnacle player of participant. Job assessment technique: Mobilink exercise two techniques for appraise job in regulate to be acquainted with the significance of the job. spot technique standing technique Similarities and differences of Mobilink Telenor Strapping Points of Mobilink: The employee satisfaction level is elevated in assessment to the expected range. The Mobilink has recognized a knowledgeable HR department consists of 40 HR professional in order to exploit the inspiration and pledge level of the human resource. The Mobilink has started amend the management loom from the traditional towards contemporary style in which they can be capable to identify and recompense human being efforts in near expectations. The incessant incentive arrangement has a optimistic brunt on those employees who has received, trying their most excellent to maintain this incentive for longer time and also a contrivance for inspiration to convey up with more inventive efforts to expand this inducement that has not received. One other organizational enticement of â€Å"three gross salaries† induce every employees to go for best endeavor brunt in order to make certain the achievements of organizational goals for the explicit time period. Strong points of Telenor: Telenor paying attention on individual performance, have made the remuneration system in such a way to be familiar with the efforts and efficiently compensate these. Therefore the incentives plans are very assorted and up-to-date. The arrangement is very succinct in such method that it even plunders the insignificant elevated efforts of personality within the teams or groups. The extraordinary incentives like â€Å"Golden Hellos† and â€Å"Golden handcuffs’ are very proficient in given them the preeminent professional from the marketplace and also the capability to preserve them for life time. The performance of personage is even contented if the organization fails to attain its goal. Once the individual be successful in its targets their rewards are outstanding. The Telenor has explicit incentives plan for every stage and for every personality. The administration incentives plan is one of the examples. This inducement doesn’t exist in Mobilink. The job assessment method extensively worn is Point-method. And that’s the motive the employee pleasure in Telenor is added than Mobilink as the disburse pattern created from the peak method are very succinct and replicate the efforts decided. The reimburse packages and inducement plans are striking and provide additional remunerations at all stage. Wide assortment of incentives remains the employees pleased, dedicated, trustworthy and industrious all the time. Weak points Mobilink presently ignores the satisfying of individual efforts. They recompense personality labors when the corporation convenes the objective. If the company be ineffective in the direction of to work, they don’t plunder those human individual who effectively attain their personality objectives. Here it may be credible that the purpose allocate by their relevant department is not correctly associated with the organizational ambition. So here the personalities undergo on the expenditure of their higher management. The recompense system is not appropriately bound for or associated with the business objectives; the intention here should be to communicate all employees to a universal point in classify to generate synergy. Because they reimburse in assessment to the some international company or conclusion survey firm. The incentives plans are very tapered and limited. It requirements to be comprehensive in order to expand the trustworthiness and obligation at person, collection and managerial level. The base of personality incentives arrangement is very scrawny and some time non-existing. Strong and Weak points of Telenor Telenor has demonstrate itself as genuine self-motivated a firm who has customized itself in the hard-hitting competition, got most important market contribute to from the available company Mobilink in a very dumpy point in time. The Telenor has great number of strapping points and few frail points. Weak Points The employee’s bury affiliation is not brawny as it is in Mobilink. The society in Telenor is going towards inaccessible environment where every individual will be troubled for its own self-interest. There are two sorts of workers. Enduring and indenture employees. The Telenor loom towards the indenture employee is not so a great deal devoted as it is for enduring workers. This may accompany to the worker prejudice and the unfaithfulness might be result in. Their employees are not attentive of the recompense policies. This is some time good quality but some time generates difficulty. The Telenor has kept classified the compensation strategies even from the employees. Conclusion: It is completed from this description result that Mobilink is no hesitation the market organizer in HR systems but it needs improvement, redecoration and development in order to effectual defend the competitor’s violent strategic actions. Mobilink is trailing its market split as well as input employees to Telenor because Telenor is on condition that striking packages. The Mobilink should start poignant towards the ethnicity of disburse for performance as a substitute of paying for possession of skills. This can be accomplishing by accomplishment of effectual performance management and reimbursement system. Mobilink shouldn’t deem on its current employees but also seek out for the best people in the marketplace, because if these unsurpassed people are hired by the challenger, this would result in further hardship to safeguard. Therefore appropriate performance assessment, criticism and rewards should be making certain. Bibliography Charles J. Fombrun, ‎. M. (1998). Strategic human resource management. https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=gIqlCsQYZJsCprintsec=frontcoverdq=strategic+human+managementhl=ensa=Xei=fXSdVIyFJJSfuQTP_4CACgved=0CCEQ6AEwAQ. Delery, J. (1998). Issues of fit in strategic human resource management: Implications for research. Human resource management , http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053482298900067. Ingham, J. (2007). Strategic Human Capital Management. https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=ZWuuAAAAIAAJq=strategic+human+managementdq=strategic+human+managementhl=ensa=Xei=fXSdVIyFJJSfuQTP_4CACgved=0CCcQ6AEwAg. JE Delery, D. D. (1996). Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management: Tests of universalistic, contingency, and configurational performance predictions. Academy of management Journal , http://amj.aom.org/content/39/4/802.short. John Storey, ‎. M. (2009). The Routledge Companion to Strategic Human Resource Management. https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=hecig5s4fnUCprintsec=frontcoverdq=strategic+human+managementhl=ensa=Xei=fXSdVIyFJJSfuQTP_4CACgved=0CDkQ6AEwBQ. Kovach, K. A. (2006). Strategic Human Resource Management. https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=ClmOpjxu4TICprintsec=frontcoverdq=strategic+human+managementhl=ensa=Xei=fXSdVIyFJJSfuQTP_4CACgved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=strategic human managementf=false. MA Huselid, S. J. (1997). Technical and strategic human resources management effectiveness as determinants of firm performance. Academy of Management , http://amj.aom.org/content/40/1/171.short. www.telenor.com www.mobilink.com

The Benefits of the Atkins Diet Essay -- Health Nutrition Diet Exercis

The Benefits of the Atkins Diet The Atkins diet has been attacked in recent years and been accused of being a fad diet that does not successfully cause weight loss and is the causes of health problems. The most criticized area of the Atkins diet is the seemingly unlimited amount of fat and meat that is allowed within the diet. This unconventional method of weight loss is the center of the animosity towards the Atkins diet. Though this diet may not be the best method of weight loss for all dieters, it is beneficial and extremely efficient for others. The Atkins diet is the best choice for dieters looking to lose a few superficial pounds quickly because dieters on the Atkins diet lose more weight within 3-6 months and do not experience the heart disease characteristics that some accuse it of. The method of the Atkins diet is to restrict carbohydrate intake, while allowing the consumption of foods that are high in protein and fat. This method has been controversial because it contradicts the conventional food pyramid, which promotes the consumption of foods with less fat and the largest proportion of food being carbohydrates like whole wheat. The food pyramid promoters do not agree with Dr. Atkins’ promotion of foods high in protein and fat. In fact, most believe that he allows an unlimited amount of protein and fat in his diet; but this is not true. The Atkins diet is supposed to contain 70% fat, 25% protein, and 5% carbohydrates (though most deviate from the fat and protein limits). Therefore in the first phase of the diet where the dieter is supposed to consume no more than 20 grams of carbohydrates, they are to also consume no more than 100 grams of protein and 280 grams of fat. So, the Atkins diet does not... ...energy source in the absence of the carbohydrates. The Atkins diet successfully loses more weight compared to low-fat diets due to its weight loss method. As I have proven, the Atkins diet can be beneficial; especially to the short-term dieter. This diet loses more weight within the first 3-6 months compared to the conventional low-fat diet; which is perfect for the dieter that wants to lose those extra few pounds before an event. Although many believe that the Atkins diet allows an unlimited amount of fat and protein, there is a limit as to how much of each the dieter is supposed to consume. And even though this limit of fats and protein is much higher than the suggested amount for the low-fat diet, it has been proven that the Atkins diet is not detrimental but beneficial to the wellbeing of the dieter’s heart and circulatory system.

Dbq the Renaissance

The Renaissance was primarily thought of as being a period in which the revival of learning flourished, and the arts changed for the better and ideas became more focused life on earth. It was a time when new ideas of individualism, the thought of secularism and the interest in human ideas jumpstarted a new and freer lifestyle for everyone. The new ideas formed in the renaissance made enough impact on the world them and ever since that it deserves to be called its own era. The medieval times was filled with ideas based just around the church.As the Renaissance began, the arts developed into a freer and move creative society based on more Greek and Roman ideas. â€Å"Finding the feudal and ecclesiastical literature and Gothic art of the Middle Ages uncongenial to their taste, they turned for inspiration to the civilization of Roman and Greek antiquity. † (Document 1) This shows how the mind of the Renaissance where done with all the ideas that dominated the world throughout the Middle Ages. The Renaissance artists wanted art that showed human beauty where as in the Middle ages art was very gothic and based in religion.Renaissance art is more lifelike than in the art of the Middle Ages, which was very blocky. They went to the Greek and Romans for all kinds of inspiration for example art. Based on the information given in Introduction to Classical, medieval and Renaissance Art the styles of the classic period and Renaissance and Classical Periods share many similar Characteristics but almost nothing in common with the Medieval period. In the Middles Ages arts main purpose was to teach those about religion who could not read or write. As the Renaissance started the ideas moved to show the importance of people and nature.This is a clear shift that helped define the difference between the two period and it will help support many of the other reasons as well. Along with the arts learning increase exponential. One of best ways to show an increase in learning is t he amount of colleges in a country. Based on the facts given in document 8 it is clear to see the large increase of schools in the height of the Renaissance. In the mid to late 15th century when the world was in the height of the Renaissance 31 new University’s were founded compared to 10 in the 12-13 century in all of Europe besides Italy who entered the Renaissance early.This is clear fact proving that Europe was in a shift to a society not only based on the Church but in schools and learning. Leonardo da Vinci helped illustrate some of the ideas that where new and completely unheard of before the Renaissance. In Document 6 he showed the study of human anatomy. This is new because in the Middle ages the study of human beings and things on our planet where very limited. Majority of learning was done in the Church with relation only to the Church. In 1596 Johannes Kepler the author the Document 7 made observations on orbits and geometrical considerations.Using science to prov e ideas is new to the world and would be frowned upon by the church in medieval times. Art and Learning are two major agreements for the fact that the Renaissance was its own period and helped shape the world, as we know it. There was one point that applied to both art and learning that completely set the Renaissance apart from the medieval times. Which was the study of secularism. â€Å"it is in the true order that mortal men should first care for mortal things† W. H, Draper (document 4) What he is saying played apart in all major parts that have been mentioned.For example art the Renaissance was known for its painting and sculpture with interest in nature and real people going real tasks. This is very different from the medieval times where it was based on the church and what they wanted to show. Also in the learning of the period ideas of Human Anatomy started to emerge as well as geometry and orbits (documents 6/7). With the Renaissance coming back to the â€Å"real worl d’ it marked a change in history. All aspects of life have changed thanks to the ideas that started in this time period.As well as some of the greatest artist and philosophers to ever live. The ideas that came out in the Renaissance where Cleary enough to call its own period in time. The revival of learning flourished, the arts and ideas became more focused life on earth. Though exact start and end dates are not clear everyone should be able to comprehend the importance of this Renaissance and say that it the information provided is enough to prove that The Renaissance period has a place in history which is completely different then the Medieval times.

The Philosophical Study of Morality

IntroductionOur behavior reflects on our personalities. Morality speaks of a system of action in regards to standards of right and wrong behavior. Morality describes the principle that presides our behavior. Without this principle, societies cannot survive for so long. In today's Society, morality is frequently thought of as inseparability to a particular religious point of view. Moral describes the principle that controls our behavior. In everyday living, we are witnessing such crimes of killings. But we, the citizen of this country are looking for this as the usual that happens every day. And we're not looking for the reason of those people who kill or commit crimes. We don't really know what's the reason behind it and if there's no reason, but we judge them for no reason. What is moral being instead? Judging others or committing crimes? They are saying that we are religious country and they said that the person here is also religious, but how those people commit crimes if they are really religious? Does being religious can be a Moral person? Or Does Moral principle helps us being a Religious person? The word carries the concepts of:Moral Standards with regards to behaviour;Moral responsibility, referring to our conscience; andA moral identity or one who is capable of right or wrong action. It explored the action of morality and examines how people should live their lives in relation to others.Background of the StudyAccording to www.allaboutphilosophy Morality as it relates to our behavior is important on three levels. Renowned thinker, scholar and author C.S Lewis defines them as:to ensure fair play and harmony between individuals,to help make us good people in order to have a good society,to keep us in a good relationship with the power that created us. Based on this definition, it's clear that our belief is disapproving to our moral behavior.On point 1, Professor Lewis says most reasonable people agree. By point 2, however, we begin to see problems occurring. Consider the popular philosophy â€Å"I'm not hurting anyone but myself†, frequently used to excused bad persona l choices. How can we be the good people we need to be if we persist in making these choices? Bad personal choices do hurt others. Point 3 is where most disagreement surfaces.Exposition of the problemThere are different definition of morality, first is the moral standards it explains the right and wrong behavior of a human person the second is the moral responsibility it explains the conscience or the guilt of a human person, and thirdly is the moral identity it explains that each Human have their own decision and capable of right and wrong action or doing. Morality speaks about ethnics, principles, virtue, and goodness. Morality is very complicated to explain yet; morality always depicts our behavior it controls and limits us.Is Morality Objective?According to philosophynow.org/issues/115/Is_Morality_Objective Great moral philosopher differs about the character of morality. Immanuel Kant's influential duty-based theory of ethnics maintains that truth-telling is universally binding on all of beings. In a pristine world a crystallized moral ideals, perhaps morality could be objective and universally binding on all people. However, we live in a world of moral flux, impermanence and flexibility. And it is because of this that morality is not nor could ever be objective. -Albert Filice, Scottsdale, AZ Morality is objective. That is, moral claims are true or false about aspects of human interaction that involve the ideas of rights and obligations. Further, the fundamental moral maxims apply universally, and reasonable people can agree on their truth. -John Talley, Rutherford on, NC. Is there any way to know the difference between right and wrong? Does religion have anything left to offer? From time to time we hear that the established churches are in bafflement that too often their leaders have nothing to say that's applied and helpful where does the truth on these signify lie? The relationship between religion and morality has long been hotly debated. Does religion make us more moral? Is it Essential for morality? Does moral partiality emerge independently of religious intuitions?Philosophical ResponseA recent report in psychology today concluded â€Å"the most significant predictor of a person's moral behavior may be religious commitment. People who consider themselves very religious were least likely to report deceiving their friends having extramarital affairs, cheating on their â€Å"programmed† in each of us. This is in keeping with the writings of Paul Apostle, who points out that even those who do not believe in God frequently obey God's as given in the ten commandments, â€Å"for when gentiles, who do not have the law by nature do not have, these although not having law, are a law to themselves, who show the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness and between themselves their thoughts accusing or else excusing themselves† (Romans 2:14-15; NKJV). Again those who do not believe in God are left with the only possible conclusion they can come to that our decision are based solely on our need to survive, what we call our conscience based on learned behavior, rather than part of a Devine design. Many scientific researchers have failed to disintegrate â€Å"religion† and â€Å"morality† into theoretically grounded elements; have adopted illiberal conceptions of key concepts in particular, sanitized conceptions of â€Å"prosocial† behaviour; and have neglected to consider the complex interplay between cognition and culture. They argue that to make progress, the categories â€Å"religion† and â€Å"morality† must be fractionated into a set of biologically and psychologically cogent traits, revealing the cognitive foundations that acclimate and obligate relevant cultural variants. Being religious doesn't make us Moral person because we, in ourselves know if we commit mistake and if we are doing good deeds. Yes, doing right seems that you are having with the lord but doesn't mean that we are moral. Being a moral is seeing in our action not only to our faith by our god. Every one of us have different definition of god, so that being a moral person is not depending on being a religious one. The question of whether or not morality claims religion is both topical and ancient. In the Euthyphro, Socrates famously asked whether goodness is loved by the god because it is good, or whether goodness is good because it is loved by the god. Although he favoured the former proposal, many others have argued that morality is dictated by, and indeed inconceivable without God: â€Å"If god does not exist, everything is permitted†. (Dostoevsky, 1880, 1990) According to Aristotle, there are two meaning of good. There is good absolutely and there is good for somebody. The first one is he/she was doing it because it is good. And the other one is doing it for others, in short doing it for a purpose or reason. In that based, we can judge the others by doing wrong because we are all people, maybe it is right for them because it was for their love ones.ConclusionMoral philosophy is the branch of philosophy that contemplates what is right and wrong. It explores the nature of morality and examines how people should live their lives in relation to others. Almost every day, the Philippine media are always flooded with stories of horror about people getting killed. Killing in itself is very dreadful but what makes it more alarming is the fact that most of the killings that took place in the Philippines were perpetuated not by hardened criminals but by policemen who were expected to protect the welfare of the people. According to the administration, most of those killings occurred in order to protect the lives of the policemen whose lives were at stake during their encounters with criminals. These said killings call to reignite the discussion about what can be said as morally right or morally wrong through looking at the mere essence of morality in this society. Right and wrong is determined by the particular set of principles or rules the relevant culture just happens to hold at the time. Is something right (or wrong) because the gods command it, or do the gods command it because it is right? According to Rights-based Theories, We are to act in accordance with a set of moral rights, which we possess simply by being human. The right to life does not require that we give what is needed to sustain life rather merely that we refrain from taking any action that would take life.

German Holidays Customs and Celebrations

German Holidays Customs and Celebrations The German holiday calendar has several in common with other parts of Europe and the United States, including Christmas and New Years. But there are several notable holidays that are uniquely German throughout the year.   Here is a month-by-month look at some of the major holidays celebrated in Germany.   Januar (January)  Neujahr (New Years Day)   Germans mark the New Year with celebrations and fireworks and feasts. Feuerzangenbowle is a popular traditional German New Years drink. Its  main ingredients are red wine, rum, oranges, lemons, cinnamon, and cloves. Germans traditionally send New Years cards  to tell family and friends about events in their lives during the past year. Februar (February)  Mari Lichtmess  (Groundhog Day) The American tradition of Groundhog Day has its roots in the German religious holiday  Mari Lichtmess, also known as  Candlemas. Beginning in  the 1840s, German immigrants to Pennsylvania had observed  the tradition of a hedgehog predicting the end of winter. They adapted the groundhog as replacement meteorologist since there were no hedgehogs in the part of Pennsylvania where they settled. Fastnacht/Karneval (Carnival/Mardi Gras) The date varies, but the German version of Mardi Gras, the last opportunity to celebrate before the Lenten season, goes by many names: Fastnacht, Fasching, Fasnacht, Fasnet, or  Karneval.   A highlight of the main highlight, the Rosenmontag, is the so-called Weiberfastnacht or  Fat Thursday, celebrated on the Thursday before Karneval.   The Rosenmontag is the main celebration day of Karneval, which features parades, and ceremonies to drive out any evil spirits.   April:  Ostern  (Easter) The Germanic celebration of Ostern features the same fertility and spring-related icons- eggs, rabbits, flowers- and many of the same Easter customs as other Western versions. The three major German-speaking countries (Austria, Germany, and Switzerland) are predominantly Christian. The art of decorating hollowed-out eggs is an Austrian and German tradition. A little bit to the east, in Poland, Easter is a way more relevant holiday than in Germany May: May Day The first day in May is a national holiday in Germany, Austria, and most of Europe. International Workers Day is observed in many countries on May 1. Other German customs in May celebrate the arrival of spring. Walpurgis Night (Walpurgisnacht), the night before May Day, is similar to Halloween in that it has to do with supernatural spirits, and has pagan roots. Its marked with bonfires to drive away the last of winter and welcome the planting season.   Juni (June):  Vatertag (Fathers Day)   Fathers Day in Germany began in the Middle Ages as a religious procession honoring God the father, on Ascension Day, which is after Easter. In modern-day Germany,  Vatertag is closer to a boys day out, with a pub tour than the more family-friendly American version of the holiday.   Oktober (October): Oktoberfest Even though it starts in September, the most German of holidays is called Oktoberfest. This holiday started in 1810 with the wedding of Crown Prince Ludwig and Princess Therese von  Sachsen-Hildburghausen. They held a big party near Munich, and it was so popular that it became an annual event, with beer, food, and entertainment.   Erntedankfest In German-speaking countries, Erntedankfest, or Thanksgiving, is celebrated on the first Sunday in October, which is usually also the first Sunday following Michaelistag or Michaelmas. Its primarily a religious holiday, but with dancing, food, music, and parades. The American Thanksgiving tradition of eating turkey has usurped the traditional meal of goose in recent years.   November: Martinmas (Martinstag) The Feast of Saint Martin, the Germanic Martinstag celebration, is sort of like a combination of  Halloween and Thanksgiving. The legend of Saint Martin tells the story of the dividing of the cloak, when Martin, then a soldier in the Roman army, tore his cloak in two to share it with a freezing beggar at Amiens. In the past, Martinstag was celebrated as the end of the harvest season, and in modern times has become  the unofficial start of the Christmas shopping season in German-speaking countries in Europe. December (Dezsember):  Weihnachten (Christmas) Germany provided the roots of many of the American celebrations of Christmas, including Kris Kringle, which is a corruption of the German phrase for the Christ child: Christkindl. Eventually, the name became synonymous with Santa Claus.   The Christmas tree is another German tradition that has become part of many Western celebrations, as is the idea of celebrating St. Nicholas (whos also become synonymous with Santa Claus and Father Christmas).